tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24320656283090247022024-03-08T04:18:12.750-06:00The Old SouthwestMusings on Early Tennessee and Trans-Appalachian HistoryDavidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-79753489371436463562012-08-19T11:52:00.002-05:002012-08-19T13:52:15.544-05:00The Myth and Memory of Col. John Montgomery Part I<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-56H-W2z5yY4/UDEY2Wny50I/AAAAAAAAAL8/rgPd-xARkwY/s1600/Montgomery+statue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-56H-W2z5yY4/UDEY2Wny50I/AAAAAAAAAL8/rgPd-xARkwY/s400/Montgomery+statue.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statue of Col. John Montgomery in public <br />
square of Clarksville, TN<br />
<a href="http://www.findagrave.com/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.findagrave.com</span></a></td></tr>
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Often times, historical figures tend to be shrouded to some degree in a haze of righteousness and over simplified understandings, especially those related to the founding and settlement of the United States. Details are glossed over, less than righteous deeds forgotten about and heroic acts are magnified. Over time the person we remember and revere bears little resemblence to the real individual. <br />
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For me, this poses a problem: Am I to believe in something (spiritual, historical or otherwise) that is based only in a popular understanding with little to no context? <br />
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Unfortunately, people who dig into these things and try to flesh out these individuals and events surrounding them are often labeled 'revisionist' historians - a term that tends to bring with it a lot a negative baggage. Revisionist historians are often accused of re-writing histories to suit various agendas or intentionally defaming a historical person. <br />
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While I can't say that there aren't those who do that, I would argue that re-examination and re-interpretation of histories are essential to not only the historians craft but to the public in general. It is important to understand why we revere certain people. It is important to understand the context of their deeds. It is important to discover the reasons why these people are remembered and how that memory has morphed throughout time. Any given generations perceptions of a past event are to some extent colored by their present situations. Obviously, this changes overtime, however; when we rely solely on histories written 4 and 5 generations ago we are also relying on that generations understandings of issues like race, American identity, and gender - issues that have obviously shifted dramatically in just the last 50 years. In the historians world, this usually refers to historiography - basically the history of whats been written about a subject so far. In some cases the historiography is just as important as the issue at hand. It is the record of how historians have thought and argued about the subject.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KiquMn4hYX4/UDEY0vidIWI/AAAAAAAAAL0/kjxk89IpePw/s1600/Montgomery+grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KiquMn4hYX4/UDEY0vidIWI/AAAAAAAAAL0/kjxk89IpePw/s1600/Montgomery+grave.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Supposed grave of Col. Montgomery near Smithland, KY</td></tr>
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So, I want to talk about Col. John Montgomery. Now he's no George Washington or even John Sevier but he has been, and to some extent still is, highly revered by Tennesseeans. Many of Montgomery's deeds have been romanticized and even more of them left out of the secondary literature. The following link is an essay by a local Montgomey County, TN historian, Albert V. Goodpasture written in 1919.: <br />
Goodpasture gives the classic portrayal of Montgomery, emphasizing his work in the Revolution and as an Indian fighter. <br />
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jWkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=%22Col.+John+Montgomery%22+goodpasture&source=bl&ots=2yzgqDVSVd&sig=DIu1vg1kjBNJDAxAdeJIEWj4kGI&sa=X&ei=0jQxUPnIIITY8gS-2oDoDg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Col.%20John%20Montgomery%22%20goodpasture&f=false">"Col. John Montgomery" by A.V. Goodpasture</a><br />
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Be sure to click on "Col. John Montgomery" by A.V. Goodpasture, pg. 145.<br />
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Before we begin talking about how Goodpastures account compares to reality we need to discuss why Goodpasture wrote what he did. We need to understand why Montgomery was remembered the way he was. This can be broken down into the following categories:<br />
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Indian Fighting<br />
Service in the Revolution<br />
Time as a Longhunter/ Exploration<br />
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Each of these categories held considerable weight in the minds of the 19th century public and historians. <br />
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This is going to be considerably long, so I'm breaking it up into a few parts for easy digestion. Next time, I'll continue by dissecting the three themes mentioned above.<br />
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-41999586012536477612012-07-01T10:52:00.001-05:002012-07-02T07:57:57.319-05:00Calling out the Militia<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FAxqFmOwFgU/T_BlYZVBADI/AAAAAAAAALY/Go17hA3ntN8/s1600/lbh03_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FAxqFmOwFgU/T_BlYZVBADI/AAAAAAAAALY/Go17hA3ntN8/s640/lbh03_2.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Virginia State Library: Executive Papers, Office of Governors Letters</span></td></tr>
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I have mentioned before that I am working on research pertaining to early Tennessee militia. The overall goal is to place historical accounts of militia use in the Old Southwest into a context that will allow us to see to what degree militias were truly organized (not just on paper). From there the authorized militia actions could be sorted out from unauthorized or "posse" actions.<br />
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You <u>will</u> see some of this (hopefully) in the next month or so.<br />
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In the meantime, to the left is an actual Federal order for the Virginia State Militia. This type of order would have come from Secretary of War, Henry Knox in this case, and would be sent to the Governor of a state or territory. This was blank form that could be tailored to the use of whichever state or territory it was sent to. Though this form is filled out for Virginia, an identical form would have been issued to the Southwest Territory. <br />
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Specifially, it was used after May of 1792 when one the earliest of many pieces of legislation was passed to regulate and professionalize the state militias. Further, this form provided the state and territorial governments the rate of pay and forage the Federal government would allow. Only the President could order up militia into service.<br />
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The purpose of this was to provide an alottment of militia for the Governor to allocate to the various counties or regiments in his state or territory. Governor Blount of the Southwest Territory (1789-1796) was especially strict on the authorized use of militia as they were paid by the Federal government (except for that one time at Nickajack). Unauthorized militia actions would have to be paid by the state, however they typically were not paid at all. Many soldiers petitioned for pay for several years after the unauthorized action at Nickajack and Running Water.<br />
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Payment of militia (or lack thereof) was a chronic issue in the Old Southwest as the President and the War Department maintained a staunch defense-only position when it came to militia action and many middle Tennessee militia actions blurred the line between defense and offense. Failure to accomodate Federal policy often led to non-payment and the further alienation and disenfranchising of the settlers in the Southwest Territory.<br />
<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-81749067477367274222012-06-17T02:20:00.000-05:002012-06-17T11:56:00.611-05:00Renfroe's Station was settled in 1780....so what?<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RnC6xyrG_fg/T9y5SkFlnlI/AAAAAAAAAKY/t9SYYEH-0jY/s1600/CC+pg+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RnC6xyrG_fg/T9y5SkFlnlI/AAAAAAAAAKY/t9SYYEH-0jY/s320/CC+pg+1.jpg" width="282" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1st page of the Cumberland Compact. Tennessee State Library<br />
and Archives. Nashville, TN.</td></tr>
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In April of 1780, the "Red River" party of John Donelson's larger flotilla broke off and traveled up the Red River to begin a proposed settlement at the mouth of Parson's Creek, 14 miles upstream. The name of the settlement was Fort Union and was one of the stations designated by the 1780 Cumberland Compact from which one delegate was to be selected to help moderate the new government that the compact set up. This settlement, however, would be short lived.<br />
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This inital settlement effort was made under the auspices of the Transylvania Land Company. In 1775 Richard Henderson, the proprietor, had "purchased" Cherokee rights to what was called "Caintucke" (or some other variation of the word). This included modern day north middle Tennessee north of the Cumberland River. Henderson hired hunters who were well aquainted with the region from prior expeditions. This included men such as Daniel Boone and Kasper Mansker. The idea was to create settlements in the newly acquired territory to encourage people to buy land and set up communities. As Boonesborough became the nucleus of settlement in eastern Kentucky, French Lick/ Nashborough became the same for the Cumberland settlements. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wTCMifbNLOo/T92ApfRST6I/AAAAAAAAALI/dVEyMoLhRfw/s1600/fbb%252013%2520meeting%2520of%2520the%2520transylvania%2520house%2520of%2520delegates%2520by%2520george%2520ranck%2520wm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wTCMifbNLOo/T92ApfRST6I/AAAAAAAAALI/dVEyMoLhRfw/s640/fbb%252013%2520meeting%2520of%2520the%2520transylvania%2520house%2520of%2520delegates%2520by%2520george%2520ranck%2520wm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Filson Historical Society, <a href="http://www.filsonhistorical.org/">www.Filsonhistorical.org</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-coLErIF9ATI/T9y89ttw1yI/AAAAAAAAAKs/3HWpdZHWpYU/s1600/Renfroe's.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-coLErIF9ATI/T9y89ttw1yI/AAAAAAAAAKs/3HWpdZHWpYU/s400/Renfroe's.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Copyright David Britton 2012. USGS Topo. All sites are on private property. <br />
Markers have been slightly skewed for protection of sites.</td></tr>
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It is very likely that each station site mentioned in the Compact were previously explored by the men in charge at each settlement. It is just as likely that each were station-camps for previous longhunting expeditions. <br />
Near to Fort Union was a probable station camp called the "Slab-camp", mentioned in early land records. Also adding to the evidence that Fort Union was previously explored is the presence of a large pond 8 miles north called Renfroe's Pond, likely named for it's "discoverer". It is featured prominently in early southern KY land documents. <br />
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The Renfroe party consisted of about 88 people, including 4 slaves. After they arrived at their destination, they began building half-faced camps and planting pumpkins and corn. The settlement lasted through the next two months, but in June things grew tense. A group were out picking mulberries when a few Shawnee were seen stepping out of the woods. They attacked and killed one of the berry-pickers. The next day the same Shawnee killed another man just a few hundred yard out from the station. This prompted the settlers to consider removal to French Lick as they were nearly 40 miles from another settlement.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9b5uzyKgg8s/T9yYhhGSxqI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/sC6wQybUFUU/s1600/Spring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9b5uzyKgg8s/T9yYhhGSxqI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/sC6wQybUFUU/s320/Spring.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The spring where the party camped in 1780.<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo: David Britton, 2012</span></td></tr>
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A rescue party from French Lick arrived and the party was divided into two. The first removed successfully. The route used was an existing bison trail/ game path that ran south from the Port Royal region of the Red River, through Robertson County alongside Millers Creek, then through modern-day Coopertown before crossing Sycamore creek and heading into modern-day Davidson county along Whites Creek pk. The rough half-way point was a few miles south of Coopertown and at a double spring. This is the point where the party decided to camp for the night. Early the next morning a band of 50 or so Chickasaws attacked the camp resulting in around 15 deaths.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ikAlj7LKFSE/T9yYljBQ26I/AAAAAAAAAKM/FMtQTghD5KQ/s1600/trace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ikAlj7LKFSE/T9yYljBQ26I/AAAAAAAAAKM/FMtQTghD5KQ/s320/trace.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Southbound trace leaving the camp/ battle site.<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo: David Britton, 2012</span></td></tr>
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While this is certainly an intriguing and interesting story, it has been relayed in secondary literature over the past 150 years as being a singular event with no connection to anything else. As if in a vacuum. For me at least, not including the broader context in many ways cheapens the event. But for many, this account represents many aspects of frontier romanticism or all the things they love about frontier history: Indian attacks. A disconnected group of settlers. Bravery and zeal. Fighting to the death. Mystery. Horror. Intrepid spirits of westward-bound patriotism. A brave woman hiding with her two children and managing to keep the calm all day and night until help came the next day.<br />
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Yes, a very good story but as a good friend of mine once said - "so what?"</div>
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Asking "so what?" is what keeps history from being simply anecdotal and what provides the impetus for analysis. With this story/ account there are a couple things I'd like to point out, in order to answer "so what?"</div>
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First, is to re-emphasize that the Cumberland settlements were ultimately a business opportunity for men like Richard Henderson. Though Henderson's claim was eventually nullified by Virginia and North Carolina, the Cumberland and it's environs remained a hot spot for land speculators for years to come. The settlement of Ft. Union in 1780 was an organized effort to jump start the land speculation process. Stations were built as a means of protection but also as a base to survey new claims from. This would later shift as un-affiliated settlers came in an built their own stations.</div>
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The story is portrayed in many ways as the genesis of civilization in the region, however, it is also filled with glimpses of an alternate yet broader understanding. Consider the journey itself. Tradition, if only inadvertently, has portrayed the Donelson voyage down the Tennessee River as the first time such a feat had occurred. The Tennessee river had, in fact, been utilized in an identical fashion for nearly 100 years by the time Donelson and friends descended it's waters in 1780. British officials in Carolina (pre north and south) were immensely concerned and pre-occupied by the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers potential for navigation, especially after a few French coureur des bois from Canada showed up at their back door in about 1690. The French were frequent users of the rivers for purposes of trade as were the British, but early on for the purpose of enslaving native peoples. By the 1770s it was a known fact that the Tennessee led to Illinois and the Mississippi valley. Donelson and the Renfroe's were only following a multi-generational tradition. </div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zmz7er1EAXU/T91_R8XlXWI/AAAAAAAAALA/yBp3h741oNc/s1600/chickasaw+large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zmz7er1EAXU/T91_R8XlXWI/AAAAAAAAALA/yBp3h741oNc/s320/chickasaw+large.jpg" width="249" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chickasaw Indian bust, 1775. Illustration from Bernard Romans’s <cite>A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida. Courtesy Library of Congress LC-USZ60-680</cite></td></tr>
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Additionally, we must also consider the presence of the Indians mentioned in the story. On June 25th, 1780 several hundred Chickasaw attacked Ft. Jefferson in what is now western KY on the Mississippi river. The fort and settlement was built under orders from Gen. George Rogers Clarke, much to the chagrin of the Chickasaw who were largely allied to the British. The Chickasaw claimed the land the fort was on. They also claimed much of the land around the Cumberland River. On their return south, a party of these Chickasaw found Ft. Union. From their perspective, the settlers leaving Ft. Union were no different than those at Ft. Jefferson and were likely seen as blatanly defying Chickasaw sovereignty. The mention of Shawnee is also interesting. Shawnee were one of the primary claimants of the region south of the Ohio river and north of the Cumberland river. Early Kentucky history is filled with encounters with various Shawnee. Various bands of the Shawnee had claimed the Cumberland region since at least the mid 17th century, if not earlier. Thus, their encounter here is not suprising. </div>
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It is important to realize that "the Indians" were not roaming bands of unidentifiable "savages", even if some of the primary material reflects that. Remember - anti-Indian sentiment was growing exponentially at this point. Indian relations were increasingly defined in terms of race and the perceived divide between savagery and civility was growing. In order to understand the various Indian groups in the 18th century we must recognize each group individually with unique cultures, practices and understandings of land, law and alliance. Groups like the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, the Creek confederacy and Shawnee, who all had claims to the Tennessee and Cumberland river valleys at one time or another, have deep roots and histories together that are not immediately clear. These histories, however, determined the way in which they interacted with each other and with European cultures later.</div>
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As tempting as it is to see the westward bound settlers of 1780 as the beginning of a new story or chapter, they were the capstone to a century-plus old story of imperial projections, immense changes in Indian cultures, negotiation and accomodation. By no means does the story get any less complicated after 1783, but it dramatically shifts. Renfroe's Station/ Ft. Union is only a microcosm of much broader event but it helps us understand that broad context. In turn, the broad context gives us the "what" in "so what".</div>
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-56002884870858443722012-06-10T00:07:00.000-05:002012-06-10T00:07:27.772-05:00Tennessee State Parks Celebrates 75 Years!This year marks Tennessee State Parks 75th anniversary. Below is a link to an article previously featured in the Tennessee Conservationist. This is not the usual blog post, but it's a very worthwhile article to read, written by TN State Parks Chief Historian Ward Weems.<br />
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<a href="http://www.tn.gov/environment/parks/75years/docs/75years_ward_weems.pdf">http://www.tn.gov/environment/parks/75years/docs/75years_ward_weems.pdf</a><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QDHUwF8xIXQ/T9QrTkHWahI/AAAAAAAAAJE/OCTHJElgKYs/s1600/tsp_shield_75yr_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QDHUwF8xIXQ/T9QrTkHWahI/AAAAAAAAAJE/OCTHJElgKYs/s320/tsp_shield_75yr_big.jpg" width="248" /></a></div>Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-50863873516544580602012-06-08T21:47:00.000-05:002012-06-09T00:30:29.373-05:00Are you afraid of the Harpe brothers?<br />
In what was likely a narcissistic tone, Wiley Harp posed this question to James and Robert Brasel in the summer of 1799 while the group of travelers had settled into camp on that steamy mid-July Tennessee night. The Brasel brothers both replied that they had – they were who “was going through the county killing and stealing.” When asked what they would do should they meet such men, both brothers replied that they would likely kill them. Perhaps Robert Brasel’s gut started talking to him or maybe something gave the Harpe’s away but either way ignorance quickly corrected itself and he tried to escape the camp – and made it. Unfortunately, he turned in time to see his brother James’ last moments as one of the Harpe’s slit his throat from ear to ear.<br />
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Micajah and Wiley Harpe, known as Big and Little Harpe respectively, have been part of Southern gothic folklore for the better part of 200 years. While indeed a true story, much has been elaborated over time such as the numbers of victims varying widely and the murders growing more horrific. The Harpe’s have found their way into written “histories” as early as the mid 19th century and been included in many more. As the name Harpe became synonymous with evil, the Harpe’s began popping up in plays, movies and novels. Micajah Harpe was even the name of a comic-book villain in the 1970s. Despite the wide recognition, no one has ever treated the Harpe story to proper historical analysis. While I won’t be doing that here (I am in real life, though), I do want to give you an idea of who they were in reality, a little context and perhaps a little bit of why they matter to the developing American identity of the late 18th century/ early 19th century west.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-amYWq0Fsme0/T9K3VleyKkI/AAAAAAAAAIs/sz3X1rhdOr4/s1600/Big_Harp_Little_Harp_Sign_t607.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-amYWq0Fsme0/T9K3VleyKkI/AAAAAAAAAIs/sz3X1rhdOr4/s400/Big_Harp_Little_Harp_Sign_t607.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo by Ron Jenkins, Courierpress.com</td></tr>
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By most accounts, the Harpe’s began murdering throughout the Tennessee and Kentucky backcountries sometime in 1798, likely winter. They killed seemingly indiscriminately - no account gives any reason for the murder other than the victim was simply “there”. Wrong place at the wrong time, much like the murderous trio in Cormac McCarthy’s “Outer Dark”, only set much earlier. According to the various pseudo-histories and fictional stories the victim count is all over the place. However, primary material places the count still in the unbelievable region – as high as 30. These sad souls ranged from infants (one said to be Micajah Harpe’s own) to the elderly, from dirt poor to the very wealthy. The fact that most of the murders took place along the a road and that they typically looted whomever was killed leads most to consider them “highwaymen” as would become famous along the Natchez trace. Their career consisted of at least one jail-break and ended with a posse hunting down Big Harpe, cutting off his head and placing it in a tree for all to see in what is now Muhlenberg County, KY.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Rnq-7eo0ooE/T9K4HKJV57I/AAAAAAAAAI0/bj9Kpx0Jtv8/s1600/murdered%2520man.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Rnq-7eo0ooE/T9K4HKJV57I/AAAAAAAAAI0/bj9Kpx0Jtv8/s320/murdered%2520man.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Murdered, from <i>Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Other than the inordinate body count of the Harpe’s exploits, little seems to set them apart from other villains and “rascals” that plagued flatboaters on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers or later, the masked bandits robbing stagecoaches and shooting up western taverns. What sets the Harpe’s apart is everyone else’s reaction to them and their attempts at explaining why they did the things they did. The explanations are intriguing: They were Tories during the War. They were half-African. They were living with the Chickamauga Indians. Some even claimed that while living with the Chickamauga they participated in the 1781 attack on the French Lick station (Nashville) and the 1793 attack on Buchanon’s station (a few miles east of Nashville). <br />
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To an extent, these explanations are expected. It’s easy to blame the unknown on the known. In this case, the Harpe’s atrocities were blamed on their involvement, or relation to, the only other people whites of the late 18th century believed capable of such things, Indians and slaves. Both peopled groups were seen as less than human and far less civilized than whites and, to the whites, with less civility came savagery and barbarity. However, savagery in and of itself was not so much the issue for most whites but the savagery by white delivered on whites. White savagery had been demonstrated amply throughout the 18th century: The Gnadenhutten massacre, the Paxton Boys, and the horrors committed by Frederick Stump to only name a few. This raises some important question with which I will leave you (can’t give any too much too soon). Had the Harpe brothers started killing 30 years earlier, would it have been noticed? Were connections with Indians given blame due to the ever increasing anti-Indian sentiment of the early 19th century? Are the Harpe’s an example of an 18th century product in the midst of an evolving 19th century backcountry? Not to downplay the horrible nature of what happened, but as is true with most history, there’s always more to the story. <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Copyright 2012 David Britton</span><br />
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-42291665925746516452012-06-03T00:21:00.001-05:002012-06-04T21:51:06.005-05:00Sevier’s Station: An abstract of documents<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9putmLShceI/T8rx4mvEEJI/AAAAAAAAAIM/YVGYyCeukKc/s1600/fort_view_cumberlandriver.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9putmLShceI/T8rx4mvEEJI/AAAAAAAAAIM/YVGYyCeukKc/s400/fort_view_cumberlandriver.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of Cumberland River from approximate station site. <br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Copyright 2012 David Britton</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> On November 11th, 1794 Valentine Sevier's station at the mouth of the Red River was attacked by a party of Indians. The attack occured mid-day and was by all accounts very brutal. Sevier lost most of his family that day. The identity of the attacking Indians were very likely Chickamauga, which would have included people of Cherokee, Creek, Shawnee and possibly even Chickasaw origins. The records, however, indicate a rise in anti-indian sentiment as very few primary records agree on who the Indians actually were. For most, they were simply "the Indians".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> A little more than a month previous, the two Chickamauga towns of Nickajack and Running Water were attacked by the Mero District miltia along with a detachment of Washington District militia under James Ore and a company of Kentucky militia. For the anglo-settlers the attack was a huge success but for the Chickamauga it was devastating. The effects of the attack combined with the withdrawal of Spanish support effectively ended any Indian resistance towards white settlement in Tennessee. This was futher cemented by the 1795 Treaty of Greenville which ended any native resistance in the Northwest. The Chickamauga were not without a final retaliation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> The attack on Sevier's Station was actually part of a larger "campaign" that begins on October 5th, 1794 with the attack on Isaac Titsworth's family. Titsworth lived in the neighborhood of Port Royal, TN then called the "Sulphur Fork Settlement" and was en route to Russelville, KY when attacked while encamped where the trace crossed the Sinking Fork of Whipperwill creek. Titsworth lost several family members and his 13 year old daughter was taken captive. The Logan county militia pursued the attackers westward into Todd County but lost the trail after stopping to rescue the some of Titsworths younger sons the Indians had left along the way. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> The next attack occurred at the head of Spring Creek in southern Todd County, KY. Obadiah Roberts had relocated to the area adjacent to Shelby's Station after losing his home further south to a fire started by Creeks some years earlier. His daughter, Betsey, was killed near their home by the same party that killed the Titsworths. The Indians proceeded down Spring Creek into what was then Tennessee County (now Montgomery County, TN). At the mouth of the stream near Elliott's Station they attacked the Reasons family, killing both Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Reasons. According to local tradition, there was to be a party at the Reasons house the evening of the attack but was canceled at the last minute for unknown reasons. The attack culminated on the 11th of November with the attack on Sevier's Station, a few miles southeast of the Reasons home. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> The details surrounding the attack on Sevier's Station have since been etched into the annals of local and state history with various inflated stories recounting the bravery and zeal of Col. Sevier while also emphasizing the barbarity and savagery of the Indian attack, especially toward children. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> The question that rises in my mind is why Sevier's Station? Why did the Indians choose the path they did? Why end with Sevier? Why has that event become so well represented in Tennessee history over time? While certainly a brutal attack, it was only one of many that took place in Tennessee during previous 20 years or so. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> It is very likely that Sevier's station was attacked for "visual" or symbolic reasons. Historian Peter Silver has argued very effectively for the symbolism in Indian attacks. Silver argues that bodies were not simply mangled or vulgarly displayed only for reasons of instilling fear but to confer a message. The symbolism ranged from Ministers found with their tongues cut out, spies found with their eyes removed and prolific men found with genitals removed to the destruction of material items that represented white culture i.e., mattresses torn open, plates smashed, cattle killed and cabins burned. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> The attack on Sevier was largely symbolic in that the Indians attacked a man who was highly regarded for his previous "Indian fighting". Sevier, however, had become severely affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, his station was far from being a well-defended stronghold. Contrary to tradition, the station was likely only a small grouping of houses. Sevier's Station would have made for an easy target with added bonus a destroying the family of a famed Indian fighter and brother to the even more infamous John Sevier. The effect of attacking Sevier's Station was not a physical one - it affected the morale of the settlers, especially for a settlement on the western edge of the Cumberland Settlements with little ability to defend themselves.Obviously, this only served to intensify anti-Indian sentiment in Cumberland.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> In addition to the confusion of the events caused by well-meaning armchair historians over the past two hundred plus years, the actual location of the site has been heavily disputed. Thus, my abstact of documents found below. This abstract includes every <u>pertinent </u>document to Sevier's Station.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-alnLaKqksaQ/T8uFhA8yloI/AAAAAAAAAIY/Ff3CwatRhTQ/s1600/108_2188.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-alnLaKqksaQ/T8uFhA8yloI/AAAAAAAAAIY/Ff3CwatRhTQ/s400/108_2188.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Valentine Sevier's grave in Riverview Cemetery, Clarksville, TN. The wooden post on the right is said to be his original marker. The one of the left was placed by the DAR.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Facts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Station was never stockaded</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Station was not defendable <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All accounts refer to Sevier’s “houses”</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">There were a minimum of four separate buildings. (see “Houses” section below)</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sevier’s house may have been a blockhouse <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sevier’s Station was located where Col. James Ford’s station had previously stood “at mouth of Red River, on the high point of land below.” (As in below Red River on Cumberland?)</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ford’s Station was located near a spring <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indians attacked from the Northeast. Bell’s account refers to the Indians having killed Reasons and wife at the mouth of Spring Creek prior to attacking Sevier’s Station. The mouth of Spring Creek is northeast of the approximate Sevier’s Station site.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Indians attacked from a “woody, bushy hollow just back of the houses”. </span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The station was likely situated to be accessible to both the Cumberland River ferry (Trice’s landing?) and the Red River ferry (Red River landing).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Houses and Residents:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Charles Synder’s Blacksmith/ Gunsmith shop</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Charles Snyder and family’s house</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Charles (killed during 1794 raid)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Betsey (killed during 1794 raid)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">John (killed during 1794 raid)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">John King and family’s house </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">John</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ann (killed during 1794 raid)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">James (killed during 1794 raid)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Valentine Sevier and family’s house – </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Valentine, sr.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mrs. Sevier</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Robert (killed 1792)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">William (killed 1792)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Valentine, jr. (killed 1792)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rebecca (wounded 1794 during raid)</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mouth of the Red River at the Cumberland River</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alexander</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Joseph (killed during 1794 raid)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">David Wallace <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Benjamin Lindsey <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Unnamed Slave</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">…Col. (James) Ford’s Station <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">at the Mouth of the Red River, on the high point of land below, where Col. Val. Sevier afterwards had a station</b>. About the first of July (1787), the Indians became troublesome and killed Mrs. Staten in open day, while washing at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the spring near Ford’s Station</b> and stole horses from the settlement.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">…Col. Sevier settled his station about 1790 or ‘91 (at) the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">same place</b> where Col. Ford’s station formerly stood.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dick Finnelson, a half-breed Cherokee, and a Frenchman, doubtless (Joseph) Deraque, came to Bell’s and Sevier’s, telling us that a party of Creeks would be there on a certain day, when the sun was midway in the sky, and attack Sevier’s Station.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(They would) kill all, the gunsmith Charles Snyder in particular, who they surmised made and repaired all the white men’s guns in that region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>George Bell advised Sevier and Snyder that they had better be on their guard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Snyder particularly gave no heed to these warnings. On the very day (Finnelson) had said, and at midday too, the same party that had massacred the Titsworths, Miss Roberts, and Reasons and wife, made their appearance issuing from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woody, bushy hollow just back of the houses</b>. Sevier’s Station <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">never was stockaded</b> – port holes in the houses. (They) went to Snyder’s shop at work and struck him with a tomahawk on the back of his head as he was in the act of escaping through a window and killed him with a single blow, scattering the brains around. Joseph Sevier, a young son of Sevier’s some eight years old, crept under the bench.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An Indian shot him but he was left unscalped. Another party had already gone to Snyder’s house and killed his wife and child, the child cut nearly into with a tomahawk. (Next, they) went to John King’s house, who was away shucking corn a short distance off, and killed his wife and child. (They) threw his child into the fire. It was soon after taken out with life, but so shockingly burned that it soon died. They went to Col. Sevier’s house, (and) caught his daughter Rebecca, a young lady grown, knocked her down with a war club, scalped her and left her for dead. She recovered. This was probably just out of doors. Col. Sevier barred his door, he and his wife all alone (with perhaps a child of Snyder’s). Having no bullets, he broke up some glass tumblers and with these and some old cut nails, loaded his old blunderbuss and finally fired out to scare the Indians who were knocking down his son with the same hatchet they had killed Snyder with and bespattered a log with the brains and blood. The Indians ran off at the report of the blunderbuss, which made no small scattering of glass, nail, etc. Thomas Lindsey, who was at work in the station, ran at the first alarm and in jumping a fence, slipped and put his elbow out of joint, then ran up the river over 2 miles and in the crippled condition swam over Red River at the mouth of West Fork and made his way to Bell’s Station. Upon the first report of the guns, William Bell and (I) seized (our) rifles and ran for Sevier’s Station and a very few also ran over from Clarkesville. The Indians had all gone. They had done their bloody work in a few minutes and (then) escaped. The dead bodies were gathered together and the next day were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">buried in one common grave</b>. Col. Sevier’s other son, Alexander, a lad of perhaps 12, was out, perhaps hunting and escaped.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Snyder was at work at the fire, with Benjamin Lindsay, an apprentice boy of 15, at the bellows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Little Joseph Sevier was in the shop, and in the fight (he) ran under the work bench and was killed there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Snyder was shot through the body and much mangled<b> </b>with the tomahawk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lindsey dashed out of the shop, broke through the Indians, jumped the yard fence, and fell upon and broke his elbow joint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Indians then killed Mrs. (Elizabeth) Snyder and child, (John), then Mrs. (Ann) King and child, James – both children of some (five) years old. James Sevier, then 17, was out with a negro man in a neighboring field pulling corn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hearing the screams, (he) knew the cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The negro was anxious to go to their relief, and said he wanted to die, if necessary, in his master’s defense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young Sevier thought it not prudent to go, as both were unarmed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John King was shucking corn nearby.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They ran for the river, and (rowed) in a canoe to alarm the people of Clarksville.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. </span>At the alarm Rebecca Sevier was running from some other house to her father’s, and was overtaken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Colonel Sevier heard the Indians, he took down his old blunderbuss from the rack over the door, and fired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was so heavily charged that it knocked him down and knocked out two of his teeth.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">6. Colonel Sevier was then suffering from rheumatism, but fired his old brass blunderbuss at a crowd of Indians by a large sugartree in the yard, not over 20 steps from the house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One Indian toppled over, and the others dropped their plundered guns, scrambled them up again, and (got) their wounded companion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a second load, Colonel Sevier not having bullets, Mrs. Sevier broke up some pewter spoons and glass, loaded, and (Colonel Sevier) shot a second time, with no effect except to deter them from any further attempt upon the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blockhouse</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That morning Sevier had lent his gun to a young man who lived at the station, (who) had taken off nearly all the bullets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the fire of the blunderbuss, which was understood as a signal of attack or danger, Amos Bird and Anthony Crutcher mounted their horses and dashed over – swimming the river – and reached there shortly after the Indians left.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">7. It was thought there were some Chickasaws in the attacking party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Chickasaws were in the habit of bringing guns to Snyder to repair at the expense of the government, and had several (guns) there at that time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were placed in the upper part of Snyder’s shop, with no ladder or stairs to get up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>These</i> were gotten by the Indians.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">8. After the Nickajack campaign, Doublehead repaired to Nashville with a party, made a peace treaty with General Robertson, and (they) returned down the Cumberland in their canoes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(They) called at Sevier’s Station, such as needed it got (Charles) Snyder to repair their guns, and left.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After they had progressed some distance, Doublehead proposed that they return and kill (Valentine) Sevier, a brother of (John Sevier), who had waged many a fight against the Cherokees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the Indians reminded him that he had made peace with Robertson, and that Snyder had kindly repaired their guns without pay, and some refused to return. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">9. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Indians burnt Colonel Sevier’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">houses</b> without doing any further mischief, yet after crossing the Cumberland stood in open view of Clarksville, apparently in defiance, which has caused the greater part of the inhabitants of the town to move off, which seems to leave the West Fork people more exposed than usual.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yesterday was the most tragical scene that I ever saw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Indians made an attack upon Colonel Sevier’s station, killed Snyder, his wife, and child, and one of Colonel Sevier’s children, and another wounded and scalped (who) must die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On hearing the guns, four or five of us ran over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We found the poor old Colonel defending his house, with his wife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The crying of the women and children, the consternation of the people, was a scene that cannot be described.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a stroke we have long expected, and from intelligence, we hourly expect Clarksville to be assailed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Colonel Sevier is now moving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clarksville will no doubt be evacuated in a day or two unless succor is given by the people of the interior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pray use the influence of all our friends with General Robertson to help us.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">11. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yesterday about eleven o’clock in the morning, a heavy firing commenced at Colonel Sevier’s by a party of Indians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Colonel bravely kept the savage band from entering his house, but they cruelly slaughtered those around him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three of his own children fell dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were not, for the want of men, prepared to go to their assistance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was the first man on the ground, and the spectator of the horrid sight – some scalped and barbarously cut to pieces, and the helpless infants committed to the torturing flames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We consider ourselves in imminent danger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We stand in great need of protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If not speedily granted protection, Clarksville will be evacuated.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The news from this place is desperate with me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On Tuesday, November 11, about twelve o’clock, my station was attacked by about 40 Indians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were in almost every house before they were discovered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the men belonging to the station were out, (but) Mr. Snyder and myself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Indians shot and tomahawked Snyder in a barbarous manner, but did not get his scalp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Snyder, his wife Betsy, his son John, and my son Joseph, were killed in Snyder’s house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also killed Ann King and her son James, and scalped my daughter, Rebecca – I still hope she will recover. The engagement, commenced by the Indians at my house, continued about an hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a scene no man ever witnessed before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing but screams and roaring of guns, and no man to assist me for some time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Indians have robbed all the goods out of every house, and have destroyed all my stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My health is much impaired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am so distressed in my mind that I can scarcely write.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Copyright 2012 David Britton</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> In the fall of 1792, Sevier and his family had removed to Bell’s Station during the threat of Indian attack. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lyman C. Draper Manuscript Collection</i>, Wisconsin State Historical Society, Microfilm accessed at Tennessee State Library (TSLA). Hereafter referred to as Draper. 11 DD p. 97</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> See entry 6 below</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> See entry 1 below</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"> The 1796 deed from Valentine Sevier to William Gordon specifically mentions the transfer of the “now established” ferries. Montgomery County Deed Book A, p. 491</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Draper 32 S, p. 208</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"> Bell says Lindsey’s first name was Thomas, Rebecca Sevier says it was Benjamin.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Interview with Hugh F. Bell, Draper 30 S, p. 212</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid</i>., p. 232</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid</i>., pg. 229-232</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Interview with Rebecca Sevier Rector, Draper 37 S, p. 204-6</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Interview with Col. G.W. Sevier, Draper Papers 30 S, p. 319</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Draper, 32 S, p.305-08</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid</i>., p.205</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
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</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid</i>., p. 318 </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> James Drumgoole to Isaac Shelby, 17 February 1795, Shelby Family Papers, mf. #62, reel 1, p. 1024, TSLA</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Anthony Crutcher to William Crutcher, 12 November 1794, American State Papers, Vol. IV, Indian Affairs, p. 542. Hereafter referred to as ASP.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> John Easton to General Robertson, 12 November 1794, ASP, 542</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2432065628309024702#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Valentine Sevier to General John Sevier, 18 December 1794, Ramsey, J.G.M., The Annals of Tennessee, 619. Kingsport, Tennessee: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1967</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div>
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<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
</div>
<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-33898846876636558192012-06-02T09:04:00.000-05:002012-06-02T09:04:36.447-05:00British - Carolina Indian Trade Goods pt. 2<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em>Invoyce of a cargo of Indian trading goods of abt. One
thousand pounds ster. Value, and must be sorted in proportion ffor a greater or
less value.</em></span><br />
<br />
<em>
</em><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 40 pieces of double striped blew strouds</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 20 pieces ditto red</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 30 pieces of striped duffiles each about 15 Blanketts</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 20 pieces of Blew ditto</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10 pieces of red ditto</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 100 Indian trading guns</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10000 flints</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 30 barrels Of Powder</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 30 lbs (?) ball</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 100 pieces of white ozenbriggs</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 60 lbs. Vermillion</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 8 gross Bowdy Caddass (?)</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 20 pr. Kerseys</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 100 lbs of beads</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 1000 lbs Brass Kittles</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 5 doz.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></sup>
hatts</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 12 doz. white tensy lard (?)</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 12 doz. yellow tensy lard (?)</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 24 doz. Chopper (copper) buttons</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 20 doz. Small looking glasses</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 6 doz. of brown, red and blew thread</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 4 thousand needled large size</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 40 gross tobacco pipes</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10 doz. Broad howes</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10 doz small Indian hatchets</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 12 prs. Of Pistolls</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 2 Barrels of Cutlary ware abt. 20 lbs. value</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10 doz. Symeters </em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10 doz. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kerting
necloathes</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> 10 doz small (illegible) boxes</em></span></div>
<br />
The following list is shown in a box on the side of the above list:<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> The usuall presents made to the head men of the Indians are
compleat suits of cloathes ffrom </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> head to ffoot</em></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> They value Black trim’d w/ white</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> Red trim’d w/ tensy</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> Blew trim’d w/ tensy</em></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> Their attendants have shirts, fflapps & stroud
matchcoats</em></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> The women either course calico gowns and Petticoats or
striped fflannel w/ smocks etc.</em></span><br />
<em><br /></em><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> Some time they present the warriors w/ a better gun &
cutlass than ordinary.</em></span><em></em><br />
<em></em><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> They are not easily contented
if by importunity they ffind they can get more, soe it must be to </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><em> discretion.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><em> Their trade consists in Buck skins & a few
ffurrs;</em></span><br />
<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-63699567452630901572012-06-01T22:03:00.001-05:002012-06-02T12:46:21.174-05:00British - Carolina Indian Trade Goods pt. 1<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OIDaOvj3HtU/T8ofga6eGaI/AAAAAAAAAHo/MuEe0bZP1Ws/s1600/Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OIDaOvj3HtU/T8ofga6eGaI/AAAAAAAAAHo/MuEe0bZP1Ws/s320/Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Francis Nicholson ca. 1710<br />
Maryland State Archives</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The following is the first part of a list of trade goods recommended that South Carolina Gov. Francis Nicholson take with him to conduct talks with "Indians in Charolina", in this case likely the Cherokee. Nicholson's tenure as Governor immediately followed a rebellion by citizens of South Carolina. South Carolina had been nearly decimated after the Yamassee War, 1715-1717, and they demanded protection. In 1719 the Crown replaced the Lord's Proprietors with a Royal Governor. Nicholson's attempt to pacify the Cherokee is represented by the list below. After 1730, the Cherokee grew restless again leading Sir Alexander Cuming to visit the Cherokee country and negotiate land transfer. Likewise, later Governor James Glenn helped pacify the Cherokee by negotiating peace between warring factions of Cherokee and the Creek confederacy. Combined, these actions led to the establishment of a British presence and further projection of British interests on the western frontier, first with Fort Prince George at the Cherokee town of Keowee and later with Fort Loudon among the Overhill Cherokee towns. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">This list was just the beginning of a long balancing act between the British and the Cherokee.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A special thanks to Michael Ramsey for help with the transcription (300 year old King's English is very hard to read).All spelling and puncutation has been preserved. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">September 15, 1720 (Julian Date)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An account of several things proper for Governor Nicolson to
carry w/ him in order to make presents to the head men of the Indians in
Charolina.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Six pieces of broad cloath of abt 10<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8 </span></sup>or 12<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8
</span></sup>pr. yard value of black, blew, red & other collours</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sufficient linings & other trimmings for to make them up
into cloathes</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. cased Hatts of abt 12<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></sup> value each</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. course stockins of abt. 3 or 4<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></sup> pr pair</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. pair of shoes w/ brass buckles</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. course neckloathes of kerting or such like</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. shirts of Garlix</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 pieces of Stroud, 1 blew the other red to be cutt into
flapps, matchoats & stockins</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A doz ffusees of 20<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></sup> value each w/ a few ordinary
cutlasses & belts, 1 barl. of fine powd. & 1oo lb. lead in Barrels</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 or three pieces course callico or painted fflanell or Calllamanco</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. strings of beads for necklaces</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several toys at discretion & some vermillion & small
looking glasses</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 doz. prints of his Majesty & the Royal family in small
guilt fframes</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prints of his majesties arms – a ffew Guineas, half Guineas,
Crowns, half Crowns & shillings to be strung on red ribbons and be worn by
the Chiefs.</span><br />
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">British Public Record Office, C.O. 5/358, Fol. 30. Microfilm at Hunter Library, Western Carolina University</span></div>
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-54926779397579859532012-05-31T18:38:00.000-05:002012-06-01T09:14:29.766-05:00Ambiguous Identities<em> </em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Loyalty. Indentity. Political affiliation. These are all terms that are easily applied in most peoples lives today. For many years historians easily labeled people living on the trans-Appalchian frontier as vanguards of the developing American ideal. For these historians the evidence is powerful: self-made men carving out their place in life, taming the wilderness, taking the spirit of the American Revolution and democracy with them as they pushed west in an inevitable fullfillment of their destinies. In turn, their experiences are what makes the American character today. This was initially suggested in a very influential argument by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 and was a cornerstone of frontier study for many years. Though much has been argued against over the past 100 years (especially the last 25 or so) our understanding of loyalty and identity on the frontier is still developing. It is important to understand that the end of the Revolution in 1783 did not bring about a wave of mutual understanding of what it meant to be an American. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The idea of "American" was brand new and immensely complicated. For instance, those who had settled in the trans-Appalachian west had very different background and experience than those on the east coast. They were largely of Scotch-Irish (Ulster Scots) and Dutch-German descent. They grew up in communities where hunting, farming and trading were the primary means of livelihood. They live with, adjacent to and in opposition to Native American Indian communities. Politically, the people in the west largely rejected the new Consitution in favor of the old Articles of Confederation. Frontier middle-Tennesseeans outright rejected statehood in 1796 in fear they would be politically dominated by those further east.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> These factors, among many others, greatly contributed to the way frontier people understood life. One of the biggest challenges the new United States faced after the war was how to implement jurisdiction and authority in the Ohio River Valley and it's environs - a region where in 1749 Celeron de Bienville, a French officer, noted several Indian and trader communites flying both British and French flags. To put it bluntly, frontier indentity was ambiguous and vague.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> As you will see below, the Old Southwest had more than it's fair share of problematic occurences of this ambiguity.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RICHMOND, (Virginia) September 27</span></em><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Extract of a letter from Washington county (then NC now TN), dated August 10, 1783.</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“We hear from good authority that various deputations have lately arrived at Louisville, they all express a hearty and ardent desire to be at peace; acknowledging their mistake for not observing a neutrality, and submissively beg our protection; some of them tell us, our troops are in possession of Detroit, and that commissioners from Congress had arrived at Sandusky. This is the real cause perhaps of their now so clearly seeing their error, notwithstanding this flattering prospect of peace presents itself we are not a little alarmed at the rash and wicked conduct of a party of North-Carolina people, settled on the Cumberland or Shawanese river, joined by a body of the Chickisaws, attacking one of the Spanish settlements on the Mississippi; happily they were repulsed, and most of them tell a sacrifice to their villainous attempt. This unlucky affair we find was set on foot by some tories that had taken refuge in the Cumberland settlement, after the conquest of West-Florida; particularly one Turnbull and Phil. Alston (the famous money counterfeiter) but early intelligence of their infamous project was given by a Virginian who it does great honor to, to the Spanish governor; by which means, our friends were some what prepared to defend themselves: would to God the Spaniards had them: perhaps, they would gratify their thirst for gold by keeping them digging for it all their lives, as the governor demands that at those who have escaped be given up, or he will send a sufficient force to make reprisals.”<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span></span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Spanish Louisiana authorities were concerned about the increasing American presence on the frontier. After detaining Thomas Ethridge, a settler from Carolina and affiliate of Philip Mulkey, a Cumberland settler and Natchez rebellion instigator, Carlos de Grand-Pre reported to Governor Miro the results of the interrogation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <em>"...Ethridge replied that those who came down with him are Americans by birth but not sentiment. Their conduct in America was always that of people who place themselves on the strongest side, now one, now the other, according to the success of the belligerent powers."<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> When Col. John Montgomery and his fellow settlers of the Red River settlements in Tennessee </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">took up arms against Spain in the name of France, other leaders in Mero district called them "<em>men of broken fortunes"</em> and <em>"renegadoes</em>".<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span> Dr. James White informed Manuel Gayoso de Lemos that only Montgomery had <em>"the intrepidity necessary for desperate enterprizes".</em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span> Even though they acted on behalf of what they believed was the welfare of their settlement, political leaders lambasted their efforts and threatened prosecution. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 <i> The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 8, 1783</i><i>.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>2</em> Grand Pre to Miro, 5/26/ 1782, Lawrence <span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kinnaird ed., “Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1765-1794”. <u>Annual Report </u></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><u>of the American Historical Association 1945</u>, (Washington D.C. Printing Office, 1946)<em>, Vol. III</em>, p.16</span></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3 White to de Lemos, 2/1/1794, Lawrence Kinnaird, ed. “Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1765-1794”. <u>Annual Report of the American Historical Association 1945</u>, (Washington D.C. Printing Office, 1946) (hereafter <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kinnaird</i> ) Vol. IV p. 252; Robertson to Portell, 5/17/1794,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid</i>., pg. 286</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">White to de Lemos, 2/1/1794, <em>ibid</em>, pg. 252</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Suggested Reading:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Richard White, <span id="btAsinTitle"><em>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, </em></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><em>1650-1815</em> (Cambridge University Press,1991) </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Patrick Griffin, <em>American Leviathan: Empire, Nation and Revolutionary Frontier</em> (Hill and Wang, 2008)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eric Hinderaker, <span id="btAsinTitle"><em>Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673-1800 </em>(Cambridge University Press, 1999)</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">David Britton, "</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Desperate</span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Enterprizes and Men of Broken Fortunes: Loyalty and Identity</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">on the Tennessee Frontier, 1793-1794,"</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Tennessee Historical Quarterly </em>(Winter: 2011)</span></span></span><br />
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-56434689745410190162012-05-26T23:46:00.000-05:002012-05-27T14:25:19.062-05:00The Davidson County Rangers - 1792<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">A project I have working on for some time now looks at the early militia of Tennessee from pre-statehood (1780) until 1800. While some work has been done (Trevor Smith diss. “<wbr></wbr>Pioneers, Patriots, and Politicians: The Tennessee Militia System, 1772-1857”, UT Knoxville) it's a bit more broad and less analytical than I'd like to do. I hope to not only quantify the militia system based on legislation vs. independent actions but also to be able to place recorded militia events within a better context.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">From time to time I will include parts of the research. Below is a transcription of a muster roll for one 1792 mobilization of the Davidson County Rangers (more later on the actual function of these Rangers). Transcribed from <span class="content_text"><u>Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers who Served from 1784-1811, Territory South of the River Ohio</u>. TSLA, mf 877. Editing and formatting provided by yours truly.</span></span><br />
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<span class="content_text"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Of exceptional note is the age of the Rangers - this was definitely a young man's game</span>.</span></span><br />
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Davidson County Rangers - Territory Southwest of the River Ohio</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ordered on duty by Elijah Robertson, Lt. Col. Commandant of
Davidson County.</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Discharged on 16 April 1792</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Rations due: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>George Walker, Lt. : 28 rations at 8 cents,
$2.24</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>2 non-commissioned officers: 196 rations at 8
cents, $15.42</span></div>
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</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">All service 2 April 1792 – 16 April 1792, total of 14 days</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Private pay: $3 per month</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Corporal pay: $4 per month</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Sergeant pay: $5 per month</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lieutenant pay: $22 per month</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Name<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Residence<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Age<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Total
Pay<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Officers:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lt. George Walker<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nashville<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>23<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>$10.26
2/3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">rd</span></sup></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Sgt. John W. Crory<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sulphur Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>$2.33 1/3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">rd</span></sup></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Corp. Josiah
Hunter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wells Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>$1.86
2/3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">rd</span></sup></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Privates:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Samuel Blair<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mill Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>$1.40</span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Abraham Castleman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mill Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>22<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Joseph Castleman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nashville<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Sylvenias
Castleman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nashville<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Robert W. Crory<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mill Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>20<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">James Hylin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> S</span>ulphur Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt 243.0pt 364.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">David McGuire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stones River<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>24<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Andrew White<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jones Bent<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘’</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Copyright 2012, David Britton</span></div>Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-16266150810079685692012-05-26T12:37:00.002-05:002012-05-26T22:18:04.410-05:00Miltita problems in Red River, TN 1789 Below is a letter from the Red River region of Tennessee concerning issues of militia. During the pre-statehood era of Tennessee history, the militia were chronically underfunded and under-manned. On several occasions North Carolina, and after 1789 the Territorial government, sent regiments to the Cumberland settlements. In this letter we can see how some of these men were perceived along with corruption in the local political system. <br />
The Col. Ford spoken of is James Ford who emigrated from the Spartanburg region of South Carolina somewhere around 1783 with the William and Francis Prince families. He was married to Francis's daughter and initially settled with them at Prince's Station (Port Royal, TN). By 1785 he built a station at the mouth of the Red River where Col. Valentine Sevier would later build. It was attacked in 1787 by a party of Creeks and he removed back to Prince's Station. He fought in the 1787 Coldwater campaign (where Gen. Robertson beat him with his sword to get him to cease fire) and at Nickajack in 1794. <br />
As was common in anti-Indian sentiment filled regions, Ford used his success in Indian war to propel him into the political spotlight. In 1789 he was appointed as the Tennessee County representative to the territorial legislature. Soon after he was appointed a militia colonel. Also aiding his political acsension was his activity in land speculation. <br />
For more information on the ties between land ownership and political aspirations, see Kristofer Ray, <u>Middle Tennessee, 1775-1825: Progress and Popular Democracy on the Southwestern Frontier</u> (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007). <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
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<em> Spring Eminence, Red River Aug 2d, 1789<br /><br /><br />Dear Gen’l<br /><br /><br /><br /> As its more than probable you have been informed that matters were conducted in the lower quarter agreeable to your order. I will trouble you with a few lines in order to undeceive you.<br /><br /> So far as they have been comfortable with – shortly after your orders, aforesaid, two men were sent to Mr. Bell’s Station who stayed there 14 days. Sometime after, two more came and stayed 8 or 10 days. During their stay they did nothing except sit in the garrison – would not even go to the fields to guard the People at work. Said it was orders from their officers to do so. The people was glad to git clear of them as the only service they done was eat their provision, there being none sent with them.<br /><br /> There was also two sent a few days to Mr. Elliott’s Station and perhaps one to Mr. Nevell’s, which was an interior house. This is the total I assure you, which every person in the end will certify. Ford replies that the men will not turn out (why should they?) when no method is pursued to compel them. They have held several court-martials though never found but one man who had insulted some of their court, though its nothing but what we expected as he promised the people he would not on any occasion force them into duty if they would vote for him to be Colonel.<br /><br /> We do not insist on having men at present as their seems to be a still time.<br /><br /> It is the general wish of the people in the quarter that the first default may be taken holt of to remove those good officers from commission, as we never asked to have a chance of defending ourselves while they continue.<br /><br /> Its impossible to raise a scout to pursue the enemy when they invade us. There is only about a dozen of us that does all that kind of duty.<br /><br /> Col. Ford instead of incouraging the men to turn out on those occasions rather discourages – he says the last words you told him when he saw you last (were) to indulge the people as much as possible (and) that it was a pity to take them from their cropps. He says you are a dam’d odd sort of fellow (and) that you give him one kind of orders in writing and one kind verbally (and) that he hardly knows what to make of you.<br /><br /> If you conceive he has committed a fault sufficient to cashier him, I hope it will not be look’d over and you’ll much oblige a number in the quarter as well.<br /><br /><br /> Your Humble Servant,<br /> R. Nelson<br /><br /><br />Brig. Gen’l Daniel Smith<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> P.S. – Should you call him to an account, Mr. Robt. Dunning, and McCalister, Polock and E. Shelby will be good witnesses. We would be fond to have it done before our numbers go down.</em><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: Lyman C. Draper Papers, 4 XX, 56. Wisconsin State Historical Society. Microfilm at Tennessee State Library and Archives.</span></div>
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-83820897088374723282012-05-25T17:27:00.001-05:002012-05-26T11:05:46.530-05:00"Chemin par ou Les Kaskinampo et autre sauvages vont traiter aux Espagnols"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fwndsTBlbvU/T8AEw3hCOxI/AAAAAAAAACk/9QmuxoLKx9E/s1600/Great+Western+Road.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fwndsTBlbvU/T8AEw3hCOxI/AAAAAAAAACk/9QmuxoLKx9E/s640/Great+Western+Road.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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This is one of my favorite photos. This is a south-facing view of an old road bisected by a modern highway. This particular road began life as a Native American trade route from the Nashville region to Illinois. During the 18th century it was a main route for hunters and trade between the Cumberland settlements and Illinois. By the 19th century it became a major stagecoach route called the Great Western Road. This particular segment is in western KY.<br />
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Below is a French map from 1682 by Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin that shows the first known depiction of the route. The scale is pretty wonky but the path shown leads from the headwaters of the Savannah River to the Tennessee River. The french text reads: <em>"Path by which the Kaskinampo and other savages go to trade with the Spanish."</em><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z3gx333g2Vo/T8Dq9qbjvzI/AAAAAAAAADE/mdBsgKXhhXQ/s1600/Franquelin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z3gx333g2Vo/T8Dq9qbjvzI/AAAAAAAAADE/mdBsgKXhhXQ/s640/Franquelin.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. <em>Carte de l'Amerique Septentrionnale : depuis le 25, jusqu'au
65<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">0</span></sup> deg. de latt. & environ 140, & 235 deg. de longitude /
par Iean Baptiste Louis Franquelin, hydrographe du roy, à
Québec en Canada</em>. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA. g3300 ct000668 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ct000668</td></tr>
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By 1684, Franquelin updated his map to better reflect a more realistic scale and better spatial alignment. This shows the same path but it is now shown continuing to what is believed to be either the Cumberland River or Kentucky River.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TzajlHWBw1M/T8D4VGy3o7I/AAAAAAAAADQ/10zRnK5mL4s/s1600/caquinampo+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TzajlHWBw1M/T8D4VGy3o7I/AAAAAAAAADQ/10zRnK5mL4s/s640/caquinampo+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. <em>Carte de la Louisiane ou des voyages du Sr. De La Salle</em>., 1684. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650, g3300 ct000656 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ct000656</td></tr>
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<br /> As I mentioned earlier, this road became a well traveled stagecoach route by the early 19th century. In 1837-1839, this same route was used as the Northern Removal route for the Cherokee during the Trail of Tears. Below is the route as preserved in Port Royal State Historic Park in Adams, TN. This section is a certified section on the National Trail of Tears Historic Trail.<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pApk1onJ-5M/T8D7m_4q9AI/AAAAAAAAADc/0ZSV4f-NjHw/s1600/tot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pApk1onJ-5M/T8D7m_4q9AI/AAAAAAAAADc/0ZSV4f-NjHw/s640/tot.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Davidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2432065628309024702.post-72930228734971415482012-05-25T17:10:00.001-05:002012-05-26T11:10:30.239-05:00Greetings all - <br />
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This is my first post to my first blog endeavor. I plan to use this a repository of sorts for things I'm interested in, namely, of a historical and resource preservation-related nature. I am very interested in issues of the trans-Appalachian frontier and Indians so you'll likely see a good deal of stuff related to that like photo's of sites, documents and research. I am also learning the amazing art of flintlock gunsmithing and I plan on posting lots of info about this and my (mis-)adventures into that realm. <br />
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I also use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) fairly extensively for research so you may see some of my projects here. These include overlays of historic maps on modern topography and resource inventories. <br />
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And finally, I have quite a passion for music. I've played guitar for close to 20 years and I've been torturing myself over past couple of years learning to play Pedal Steel guitar. I don't really play out as much as I used to, but I hope to one day. Thus, you may see posts related to such themes occasionally. <br />
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So, be patient as I figure this out - I think it should be fun. I'm looking forward to it (especially since I really do hate Facebook). Also - I reserve the right to update old posts as I see fit, so do check back often. Sources, maps, etc. will always be cited appropriately and the locations of historic sites (unless the public is allowed) will never be disclosed in full detail.<br />
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-DavidDavidbritton0415http://www.blogger.com/profile/05328495565323426920noreply@blogger.com0